(س) شَهِدَ يَشْهَدُ شُهُوْدًا وَشَهَادَةًshahida yashhadu shuhūdan wa-shahādatan: to be present on the spot, to inspect, to see with one's own eyes or by observation; and on that basis, to bear witness. ﴿فَمَنْ شَهِدَ مِنْكُمُ الشَّهْرَ فَلْيَصُمْهُ﴾ (Al-Baqarah 2:185); ﴿شَهِدَ اللّٰهُ اَنَّهُۥ لَآ اِلٰهَ اِلَّا هُوَ﴾ (Āl ʿImrān 3:18)
شَهَادَةٌshahādah (also a noun, ism dhāt): testimony; also that which is present and under observation (the opposite of the unseen, ghayb). ﴿عٰلِمُ الْغَيْبِ وَالشَّهَادَةِ﴾ (Al-Anʿām 6:73)
شَهِيْدٌshahīd pl. شُهَدَآءُshuhadāʾu (adjective on the pattern of فَعِيْلٌfaʿīl): witness, present on the spot. ﴿وَيَكُوْنَ الرَّسُوْلُ عَلَيْكُمْ شَهِيْدًا﴾ (Al-Baqarah 2:143)
مَشْهَدٌmashhad (noun of time or place (ẓarf) on the pattern of مَفْعَلٌmafʿal): the place of observation, the place of bearing witness or of viewing a scene; also a scene, an occasion or a gathering. ﴿فَوَيْلٌ لِّلَّذِيْنَ كَفَرُوْا مِنْ مَّشْهَدِ يَوْمٍ عَظِيْمٍ﴾ (Maryam 19:37)
Form III (mufāʿalah) شَاهَدَ يُشَاهِدُ مُشَاهَدَةًshāhada yushāhidu mushāhadatan: to see with one's own eyes; to observe something closely (this verb is not used in the Quran).
Form IV (ifʿāl) اَشْهَدَ يُشْهِدُ اِشْهَادًاashhada yushhidu ishhādan: to make someone a witness. ﴿وَاَشْهَدَهُمْ عَلٰٓى اَنْفُسِهِمْ﴾ (Al-Aʿrāf 7:172)
Form V (tafaʿʿul) تَشَهَّدَ يَتَشَهَّدُ تَشَهُّدًاtashahhada yatashahhadu tashahhudan: to recite the testimony of faith (shahādah) (this verb is not used in the Quran).
Form X (istifʿāl) اِسْتَشْهَدَ يَسْتَشْهِدُ اِسْتِشْهَادًاistashhada yastashhidu istishhādan: to call for testimony, to take as a witness. ﴿وَاسْتَشْهِدُوْا شَهِيْدَيْنِ مِنْ رِّجَالِكُمْ﴾ (Al-Baqarah 2:282)